Urine Test References

(i) O’Brien K, Hillier S, Simpson S, et al. An Observational Study of Empirical Antibiotics for Adult Women with Uncomplicated UTI in General Practice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59(6): 1200–1203.

Little P, Merriman R, Turner S, et al. Presentation, pattern, and natural course of severe symptoms, and role of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among patients presenting with suspected Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in primary care: observational study. BMJ 2010; 340: b5633.

McIsaac WJ, Low DE, Biringer A, et al. The impact of empirical management of acute cystitis on unnecessary antibiotic use. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(5): 600–605.

Nazareth I, King M. Decision making by general practitioners in diagnosis and management of lower urinary tract symptoms in women. BMJ 1993; 306(6885): 1103–1106.

Vellinga A, Cormican M, Hanahoe B, et al. Antimicrobial management and appropriateness of treatment of urinary tract infection in general practice in Ireland. BMC Fam Pract 2011; 12(1): 108.

(ii) Kass, E.H. Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians Volume 69, 1956, Pages 56-64

(ii) Kass EH. Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis of pregnancy. Arch. Intern. Med. 105, 194–198 (1960).

(iii) Paul C. Schreckenberger, Travis K. Price, Evann E. Hilt, Tanaka Dune, Cynthia Brincat, Linda Brubaker, Elizabeth R. Mueller, Alan J. Wolfe. Detecting clinically relevant micro-organisms: we can do better 2015

(iii) Evann E. Hilt, Kathleen McKinley, Meghan M. Pearce, Amy B. Rosenfeld, Michael J. Zilliox, Elizabeth R. Mueller, Linda Brubaker, Xiaowu Gai, Alan J. Wolfe, Paul C. Schreckenberger, Urine is Not Sterile: Use of Enhanced Urine Culture Techniques to Detect Resident Bacterial Flora in the Adult Female Bladder. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2014 52(3):871-6

(iii) Natasha Curtissa, Aswini Balachandrana, Louise Krskab, Claire Peppiatt-Wildmanb, Scott Wildmanb, Jonathan Ducketta, A case control study examining the bladder microbiome. 2017

(iii) Lisa Karstens, Mark Asquith, Sean Davin, Patrick Stauffer, Damien Fair, W.Thomas Gregory, James T.Rosenbaum, Shannon K.McWeeney and Rahel Nardos. Does the Urinary Microbiome Play a Role in Urgency Urinary Incontinence and its Severity? 2016

(iii) Ahmed Moustafa, Harinder Singh, Weizhong Li, Kelvin J. Moncera, Manolito G. Torralba, Yanbao Yu, Oriol Manuel, William Biggs, J. Craig Venter, Karen E. Nelson, Rembert Pieper, Amalio Telenti. Microbial Metagenome of Urinary Tract Infection. 2017

(iii) Marcus J. Drake, Nicola Morris, Apostolos Apostolidis, Mohammad S. Rahnama and Julian R. Marchesi. The Urinary Microbiome and its Contribution to LUTS. 2015

(iii) Travis K. Price, Tanaka Dune, Evann E. Hilt, Krystal J. Thomas-White, Stephanie Kliethermes, Cynthia Brincat, Linda Brubaker, Alan J. Wolfe, Elizabeth R.Mueller, and Paul C. Schreckenberger. The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically Relevant Micro-organisms. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. May, 2016

(iv) Stamm WE, Counts GW, Running KR, Fihn S, Turck M, Holmes KK. Diagnosis of coliform infection in acutely dysuric women. N. Engl. J. Med. 307(8), 463–468 (1982).

(iv) Latham RH, Stamm WE. Urethral syndrome in women. Urol. Clin. North Am. 11(1), 95–101 (1984).

(v) Sathiananthamoorthy S, et al J. Reassessment of Routine Midstream Culture in Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection. 2018, J. Clin. Microbiol., doi:10.1128/JCM.01452-18

(vi) Dukes C., Some Observations on Pyuria. Proc R Soc Med 1928; 21: 1179–83

(vii) Forte Medical FOI Request April 2016 to each UK NHS Hospital Trust

(viii) https://www.wyevalley.nhs.uk/visitors-and-patients/county-hospital-(acute)/a-z-departments/pathology.aspx

(x) Kupelian AS, Horsley H, Khasriya R, Amussah RT, Badiani R, Courtney AM, Chandhyoke NS, Riaz U, Savlani K, Moledina M, Montes S, O’Connor D, Visavadia R, Kelsey M, Rohn JL, Malone-Lee J. Discrediting microscopic pyuria and leucocyte esterase as diagnostic surrogates for infection in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: Results from a clinical and laboratory evaluation. BJU International 2013

Rabinovitch A. Urinalysis and collection, transportation, and preservation of urine specimens: approved guideline. 2d ed. Wayne, Pa.: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2001. NCCLS document GP16-A2.

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